CHAPTER 1Introduction Background of the StudyDengue
infection is an outstanding disease. It is caused by four
kinds of infections for the most part DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3,
and DENV-4 originate from the Flaviviridae family. The infections are spread
through the chomp of tainted Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that
bolster for the duration of the day. For the most
part, these mosquitoes can be found in places with
dormant water, including water tanks, tires, holders, and
puddles. A few impacts of this contamination are influenza-like ailment and
deadly sickness which is extreme dengue.As
of late, the instances of dengue have risen too much around
the globe. An expected 390 million dengue cases are accounted
for every year, 96 million indicated plainly. Another report, of
recurrence of dengue, figured 3.8 billion individuals, in 128 nations are in
peril as a result of dengue infections. The occurrence of dengue cases related,
raised from 2.2 million to 3.2 million out of 2010 to 2015 separately. Despite
the fact that the worldwide burdens of disease is temperamental, the establishment of
exercises to account at first shows the due growth
in the quantity of cases recorded in going before years. More than
100 nations in the WHO areas of Africa, America, the Eastern
Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific districts are
confronting this issue. Already the quantity of recorded cases has continued
emerging. Just about 2.3 million instances of dengue were recorded just in
America in 2015. 10 300 cases were perceived as serious dengue coming about
1180 deaths (Bhatt S, 2015).Broadly,
the Philippines has announced dengue cases. Locales where most influenced by
dengue are Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Metro Manila
and Soccsksargen. Dengue happens broadly
and done during the time in
the Philippines particularly in urban and pre-urban spots.
Transmission of the disease occurs all through the stormy season,
May down to November (International Association for Medical
Assistance to explorers, 2016). 43, 780 cases, 250 deaths and 85 losses were
accounted for and recorded by the Department of Health. For the most part,
there were 6,281 dengue cases in Central Visayas, 5,146 in Central Luzon, 5,008
in Calabarzon, 5,565 in Metro Manila, and 4,863 in Soccsksargen. There likewise
territories influenced by dengue infection including Cebu (12%), South Cotabato
(6.4%), and Pampanga (4.7%) (The Manila Times).Locally,
there is additionally various dengue cases. As indicated by the
yearly horribleness record of Maco Main Health Center in
September 2017, there are 4 individuals were influenced
by dengue in Maco. Dengue infection is a notable disease. Research Questions:1.)  Is calamansi peels
efficient in killing larvae?2.)  What
are the components of calamansi peels that can kill larvae?3.)  How
effective are calamansi peels in keeping a place safe from
mosquitoes?4.)   What
would be the duration of the effectiveness of calamansi peels in
killing larvae?5.)  Is
our study more beneficial than commercial larvicide? Null HypothesisThere
is no significant effect in killing larvae using calamansi peels.Review Related LiteratureCalamansi
is a little, round citrus organic product that is basic in the Philippines.
Calamansi, otherwise called Citrofortunellamicrocarpa originate from
Rutaceae family and a prominent citrofortunella in light of the fact
that it is an intergenetic cross breed between the attribute of a citrus and
Kumquat. All over the world, there are well-known names
for calamansi includingcalamonding, calamondin orange, brilliant
lime, and Philippine lime. It is extensively refined in numerous spots the
world over including Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. The
accessibility of this natural product can manage from start to the finish of
the year in the Philippines. A few people utilized it for embellishment or as a
fancy tree than to look it as a natural product bearing tree. The span of the
Calamansi organic product goes to 23-35 mm in distance across. The shade of the
mash of a mature Calamansi and its peel is orange (http://www.fruitsinfo.com Retrieved:
January 6, 2018). Calamansi’s lime
juice has numerous advantages, it has a pectin content that can treat hack and
cool and can bring down blood     cholesterol, additionally
it is bottomless in Vitamin C that can counteract tooth rot and agony, dental
caries, discharging of blood in the gums and debilitating of bones (http://www.fruitsinfo.com Retrieved:
January 6, 2018)Calamansi
citrus has discovered a few therapeutic employment. At the point when rubbed on
creepy crawly nibbles, the juice will assuage the tingling and diminish the
bothering. It can likewise be utilized as a characteristic skin break out drug
or taken orally as hack prescription (regularly blended with green tea) and is
a characteristic calming. For issues with obstruction, the juice is warmed and
weakened with water. It blanches spots and clears up skin inflammation vulgaris and
pruritus vulvae. In Malaysia, it is utilized as a remedy for harm, and a
poultice of pandanus leaves blended with salt and the juice of
citrus microcarpa, can be utilized to treat abscesses. It is joined
with pepper to help oust mucus. Its root is utilized as a part of the
Philippines at labor. (https://vanscott.wordpress.com Retrieved
January 6, 2018)Calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa) organic products or privately known as
“Kalamansi” is generally developed in the Philippines and is utilized
as a fixing nearly in each renowned dish made in the Philippines. Just the mash
was pressed and is required, the peels are simply discarded. It has a place
with the family Rutaceae. It is an intergenetic half and half between an
individual from Citrus reticulata or “tangerine” and
“kumquat” or Fortunella japonica.The calamansi tree
has a stature of 3 to 5 meters high, and is erect, slim, thickly extended near
the ground, marginally sharp, and bears expansive oval, dim green leaves at
first glance, yellowish underneath, sweetly fragrant white blooms with 5
elliptic-oval petals, and organic products that are round that is about 4.5 cm
wide with thin, sweet-smelling peel with unmistakable pores. The mash has 6 to
10 fragments that are hued yellow to orange, extremely delicious, seedless or
with 1 to 5 little ovoid green seeds inside. It has been known not just for its
reviving juices and flavors, yet in addition to its therapeutic employment. Calamansi
organic product might be pulverized and use to cleanser in hair or might be
connected into scalp subsequent to shampooing for hair development and the help
of tingling. “Calamondin” juice may be additionally connected and
rubbed on mosquito chomps to dispose of bothering and tingling. It additionally
blanches spots and clears up skin inflammation vulgaris if connected
routinely. Juice is additionally taken orally as a hack cure and is in some
cases joined with pepper, to oust mucus. It can likewise be weakened and
smashed warm as a fecal conditioner. Refined oil of the leaves can go about as
a carminative for having an unpredictable oil substance of 0.90% to 1.06%.The
research found that the leaves of the evergreen bush of kumquat (Fortunella
japonica) which is regular in China, what’s more, has a place with a similar
family Rutaceae with Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) has
hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidative impacts.Calamansi is luxuriously
developed in the Philippines, its normal yearly per capita utilization is as
waste. Citrus organic products, for example, Calamansi, is used predominantly
for its mash and squeeze, the rest of the organic product or the squeezed mash,
covering of mash fragment, seeds, and the skin is viewed as the biggest
wellspring of citrus squander, figuring out how to use it will likewise help
the condition. Since Calamansi has a place with citrus family it would now be
able to be used as a wellspring of homegrown pharmaceutical. On the off chance
that its potential use as a natural solution is investigated it can likewise
help in the diminishment of ecological contamination (International Journal of
Food Engineering, 2017).Additionally,
Calamansi peel has four surely understood hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic,
ferulic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids that were considered in the methanolic
removes. It held the biggest number of aggregate phenolic acids. Phenolic
corrosive is a sort of synthetic compound as beta-carotene called a polyphenol.
Polyphenols have different components like flavonoids and stilbenes (http://www.verywell.com  Retrieved:
January 6, 2018).The
phenolic mixes 2,6-diiodophenol (2a) and
4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol (2c) have diverse lethality and larvicidal
conduct. The compound 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol (2c) demonstrated the most
astounding lethality for hatchlings of Ae. aegypti and A. salina,
displaying higher poisonous quality than 2,6-diiodophenol (https://file.scirp.org Retrieved:
January 6, 2018).Mosquitoes
fill in as a vector for different tropical and subtropical sicknesses which
make ruinous impacts human. They don’t just transmit parasites and pathogens
yet they additionally wellspring of unfavorably susceptible response that
incorporates nearby skin and foundational affectability. The most well-known
ailments related with mosquitoes are dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever
and the most noticeably bad, dengue hemorrhagic fever where Aedes aegypti is
one of the mosquito animal types in charge of the transmission of these
vector-borne sicknesses.World
Health Organization (WHO) expressed that around 2/5 of the worldwide human
populace are at present debilitate of dengue and the ideal approach to control
the transmission of dengue infection is battling the mosquitoes that reason the
sickness. Dengue is a standout amongst the most critical viral maladies
transmitted by Aedes aegypti on the grounds that it torments people worldwide
whose side effects running from mellow fever to an extreme and conceivably
hazardous hemorrhagic illness. Aedes aegypti is of incomparable concern in view
of its wide conveyance and close relationship with people. Aedes aegypti is
available in intensely dirtied zones like Asia, America, and some Pacific
Islands and pervaded around 2/3 of the total populace. The detailed dengue
cases in the Philippines from January to June 2012 have just achieved 32,193
across the nation, 3.8% higher for a similar period a year ago.Because
of the pathogenic illnesses and genuine damages caused by mosquitoes,
controlling them has been the essential subject of a few new sorts of research
in the course of recent years. The system in controlling mosquitoes relies upon
the larval stages (egg, hatchlings, pupae, and grown-up) on target. Mosquito
control incorporates focusing on the grown-up mosquito through showering
substance bug sprays or by murdering the mosquito hatchlings before they
develop into grown-ups by means of utilizing engineered larvicides or organic
concentrates as an elective larvicide.Be
that as it may, the utilization of engineered larvicides forces dangers to
human wellbeing as well as to the biological system since when they are
connected into the earth; they may remain on for quite a while or even stay
there without end. Manufactured larvicides additionally disturb normal natural
control frameworks that occasionally brings about a boundless improvement of
protection (International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016).Mosquito
hatchlings usually called “wigglers,” live in water from 4 to 14 days
contingent upon water temperature.Hatchlings
of all species must rise to the top at visit interims to acquire oxygen through
a breathing tube called a siphon. Hatchlings of Coquillettidia and Mansonia
have altered siphons that enable them to penetrate the stems of emanant
vegetation in water and draw their oxygen from the plant in this procedure.
Hatchlings are always encouraging since development requires an enormous
measure of vitality and sustenance. They hang with their heads down and the
brushes by their mouths separating anything sufficiently little to be eaten
toward their mouths to sustain the developing hatchlings. They feast upon green
growth, microscopic fish, parasites and microbes and different microorganisms.
They breathe at the water surface with the breathing tube up breaking the water
surface pressure. The hatchlings of a couple of mosquito animal types are
barbarian, bolstering on hatchlings of different mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites and
some Psorophora, the biggest mosquitoes are known, are predators of other
mosquito hatchlings sharing their natural surroundings. Their hatchlings are
considerably bigger than other mosquito hatchlings.Amid
development, the hatchling (sheds its skin) four times. The phases between
sheds are called instars. At the fourth instar, the standard hatchling achieves
a length of just about 1/2 inch and toward the finish of this instar stops
encouraging. At the point when the fourth instar hatchling sheds, it turns into
a pupa (The American Mosquito Control Association, 2016)Hardly
any creatures on Earth bring out the animosity that
mosquitoes do. Their bothersome, disturbing nibbles and about
universal nearness can demolish a terrace grill or a climb in
the forested areas. They have an
uncanny capacity to detect our dangerous
aims, taking off and vanishing milliseconds
before a lethal swat. Also, in our rooms, the
persevering, whiny murmur of their humming wings can
wake the soundest of sleepers. (National Geographic, 2013).Past the irritation factor,
mosquitoes are transporters, or vectors, for some of
humankind’s most savage sicknesses, and they
are open for number one in the battle against
worldwide irresistible infection. Mosquito-borne illnesses cause
a huge number of passing worldwide consistently with
a lopsided impact on kids and the elderly in creating
nations. There are more than 3,000 types of mosquitoes, yet the individuals from three
bear essential duty regarding the spread of human ailments.Anopheles mosquitoes
are the main species known to convey intestinal sickness.
They additionally transmit filariasis
(likewise called elephantiasis) and encephalitis. Culex mosquitoes
convey encephalitis, filariasis, and the West Nile infection. What’s
more, Aedes mosquitoes, of which the ravenous Asian tiger is a
part, convey yellow fever, dengue, and
encephalitis. Mosquitoes transmit malady in an assortment
of ways. On account of jungle fever,
parasites join themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and
enter a host as she nourishes. In different cases, for example,
yellow fever and dengue, an infection enters the mosquito as it
bolsters on a contaminated human and is transmitted by
means of the mosquito’s salivation to a
resulting casualty.Mosquitoes
utilize breathed out carbon dioxide, personal stenches
and temperature, and development to home in on their
casualties. Just female mosquitoes have
the mouthparts important for sucking blood. While
gnawing with their proboscis, they wound two tubes into the
skin: one
to infuse a chemical that represses blood coagulating; the other
to suck blood into their bodies. They utilize the blood not for their
own food but rather as a wellspring of protein for their
eggs. For nourishment, the two guys and females eat nectar and other
plant ugars.The main
silver coating to that billow of mosquitoes in your
garden is that they are a dependable wellspring
of sustenance for a huge number
of creatures, including flying creatures,
bats, dragonflies, and frogs. What’s more, people
are really not the primary decision for most
mosquitoes searching for a feast. They for the most
part favor steeds, steers, and winged creatures.All
mosquitoes require water to breed, so
annihilation and populace control endeavors, as a
rule, include evacuation or treatment of standing water sources.
Bug spray splashing to murder grown-up mosquitoes is
additionally far-reaching. Be that as it may, worldwide
endeavors to stop the spread of mosquitoes are having little
impact, and numerous researchers think an Earth-wide
temperature boost will probably build their number and range.Significance of the StudyThe
aftereffect of the investigation expects to help the general public in keeping
their well-being against mosquito causing dengue infection and to reduce the
dengue cases in the worldwide, national and nearby scales. Besides, the
investigation could be of significance to the accompanying:Medical Practitioners. The
consequence of the investigation will give them data and extra information on
the medical advantages of Calamansi peels.Family and Community. The
consequence of the examination will influence the individuals from the family
and individuals in the group especially the individuals who are influenced by
the dengue fever and will show them how to keep the expansion of hatchling and
mosquito.Future Researchers. The
examination will give them foundation data about phenolic acids that can be
found in calamansi peels.  Definition of TermsThe
following terms are herein defined both conceptually and operationally:Hydroxycinnamic Acid. (For
example, ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids) This is a
gathering of mixes exceedingly inexhaustible in sustenance that may represent
around 33% of the phenolic mixes in our eating routine. In this
study, hydroxycinnamic acid is one of the fighting agents that can support
phenolic acid in preventing the growth of larvae.Phenolic acid.
This is also called as phenolcarboxylic acid, kind of sweet-smelling
corrosive compound. Incorporated into that class are substances containing a
phenolic ring and a natural carboxylic corrosive capacity (C6-C1 skeleton). In
this study, phenolic acid is the component of Calamansi peel that can kill
mosquito larvae.Larvicide. This is
an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of
an insect and their most common use is against mosquitoes. It may be
contacted poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly)
biological control agents. In this study, larvicide will be used for the
experiment as Calamansi peel powder to kill mosquito larvae.Scope and Limitations:·        
This
study primarily focuses on killing larvae.·        
The
product should be applied in the following areas: Stagnant water, old tires,
puddles, containers.·        
The
Calamansi peel powder is exclusive in killing larvae and prohibited to be
intake.·        
 Also,
our study focuses on the effectiveness of the Calamansi peels.CHAPTER 2Materials and Methods In
this chapter, you will know the materials to be used and procedures how to make
a larvicide using Calamansi peels into powder. Statistical treatment will also
be presented.Research DesignThe
researchers will use Completely Randomized Pre-Test and Post-Test Experimental
Research Design. The study will use 50 mosquito larvae which were distributed
into two treatments. The two treatments will be divided into two groups for the
testing of the control group (commercial larvicide) and experimental group
(Calamansi peel powder) and will be administered to the different group
respectively.Experimental DesignThe
following groups of mosquito larvae were used for the experiment: Group 1, 25 mosquito
larvae were administered with 1 teaspoon commercial larvicide (control group),
Group 2, 25 mosquito larvae were administered with 1 teaspoon Calamansi peel
powder.Insect50
mosquito larvae from San Roque, Maco, Compostela Valley were used in the study.Procedures:Collection of Plant MaterialThe
½ kilogram of Calamansi fruits was bought at Maco Public Market and prepared
for the peeling.Preparation of Plant MaterialThe
researchers washed the ½ kg. Calamansi fruit and peeled it using a knife and
put it in a bowl.Grinding of the Peeled Calamansi FruitAfter
peeling, they dehydrated it in the oven within 170 degrees in 12 hours. Then,
they ground it using a food processor and put it in the bottle.